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    • Thiomyristoyl Finally the comparison between data

    2023-05-29

    Finally, the comparison between data obtained by antioxidant assays in in vitro cultured cells [11], [12] and in liposomes has disclosed the possibility to choose more confidently “the better phenolipid” of a series of fatty acids esters antioxidant derivatives. Looking at the physical parameters that characterized its different lipophilic derivatives (c.a.c., lipophilicity, liposome interaction, etc.): hence for hydroxytyrosol in cells a C12-C16 tailed antioxidant can give protection inside the cell membrane, while shorter chain derivatives (C4-C8) will be preferred to have a better defence in the lumen. Clearly, one should consider also that in in vivo environment, C18HT could display much better performances, for example in the presence physiological carriers (proteins) which could bind long chain HT derivatives and efficiently deliver them to cells. This work thus calls for further investigations about the combination of physical and chemical factors affecting the mechanisms of amphiphilic natural antioxidant derivatives. Some possible directions for future studies can be already sketched. The use of membrane-soluble radical generators (e.g., AMVN) could help to discriminate the antioxidant protection mechanisms, and give complementary information with respect to what obtained here, using a hydrophilic radical generator (AAPH). The ratio between local concentrations (in aqueous phase or in the membrane) of HT esters and radicals depends not only on the HT ester structure, but also from the radical structure. Therefore, a complete picture of HT esters activity requires further investigations.
    Concluding remarks In this work we have described a chemical-biophysical approach for understanding the antioxidant properties of a series of lipophilic HT ester derivatives (fatty Thiomyristoyl esters). Stimulated by our previous result on their activity in cells, our principal goal was the investigations of some aspects of the physical chemistry of these antioxidants, alone or while interacting with lipid vesicles. To elucidate their properties, we have also evidenced how in vitro studies on membrane model, and more in particular on cellular models[40], are fundamental tools for achieving those goals. We are confident that by constructing more complex cell models (e.g., minimal synthetic cells) would considerably help to test antioxidants or other compounds for biological activities. This will allow an easy and extensive screening of compound libraries, with a potentially high biotechnological impact.
    Material and methods
    Transparency document
    Acknowledgements
    Introduction Milk proteins received increasing attention as they are often precursors of various biologically active peptides within the sequence of proteins which are released by enzymatic actions. They exert multifunctional activities, such as immune-modulatory, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-cancer properties (Chen et al., 2014; Zimecki and Kruzel, 2007). In contrast to the milk of other dairy animals, camel milk has been reported to cure severe food allergies in children and diabetes (Abdulrahman et al., 2016; Ehlayel et al., 2011; Ehlayel et al., 2011; Shori, 2015; Zibaee et al., 2015). Furthermore, camel milk is suggested to exert a number of therapeutic activities (Hailu et al., 2016; Mihic et al., 2016). Numerous studies suggest that camel milk has distinct therapeutic benefits, such as anti-diabetic (Korish, 2014; Korish et al., 2015; Mirmiran et al., 2017), anti-toxic (Al-Asmari et al., 2017; Khan, 2017), anti-viral (el Agamy et al., 1992; El-Fakharany et al., 2017; Lee et al., 2016), antibacterial (Cardoso et al., 2013; Rahimi and Kheirabadi, 2012; Soliman et al., 2015), anti-rheumatoid arthritis (Arab et al., 2017), anticancer (Ayyash et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2014; Korashy et al., 2012), and wound healing (Ebaid et al., 2015, 2017) activities. In addition, camel milk has been used for centuries in the Middle East, Asian and North African cultures as a natural remedy for many common health problems (Agrawal et al., 2011a, Agrawal et al., 2011b; Agrawal et al., 2011a, Agrawal et al., 2011b; Al-Ayadhi and Elamin, 2013; Ehlayel et al., 2011; Mohamad et al., 2009; Mohamed et al., 2015; Shori, 2015).