Tables and further examine each of

Tables 2 and 3 further examine each of design elements mentioned above. Observations were conducted during peak hours (lunch time) of weekdays to continuously record and categorize students׳ activities. Generally, outdoor activities in public spaces can be divided into three categories: transitional activities (waiting for a person, passing-by, etc.); personal activities (reading, taking a walk to get a breath of fresh air, standing around enjoying life, or sitting and sunbathing) and social activities (playing games, meeting others and conversation, communal activities of various kinds, etc.) (Shi et al., 2014). Top three activities are identified for each space. Obviously, the UNSW campus provides more spacious open spaces with lawns to accommodate transitional and social activities; while the HKU campus accommodates more sensational elements in its small open spaces. Generally, when an open space is easily accessed (e.g. close to the main circulation of the campus), it order AZD-9291 is likely to be a place for circulation and social interaction; when an open space is less easily accessed, it is likely to be a place for personal activities. An open space in the UNSW campus tends to have a distant relationship with its surrounding buildings while an open space tends to have an intimate relationship with its surroundings in the HKU campus. Although a large open space with a distant relationship with its surroundings is of benefit for sense of orientation and order, it is hard to control microclimate conditions especially in extreme weather and it is also hard to provide its users intimate contact with sensational natural elements. A healthy environment should provide people with intimate relations to restorative natural environments using small open spaces and also provide people with socially supportive and easily accessed outdoor environments using large scale open spaces. Therefore, a healthy campus must encompass diverse open spaces for different purposes.
Conclusion The essential concept of healthy design, which is used originally in hospitals to accelerate patients׳ recovery, has been applied to open spaces design, in which natural features assist users in relaxing and restoring their minds from stress. Combined with ideas to healing gardens, architectural stimulation, and green building approaches, plate tectonics paper studies exemplary cases of contemporary campus design with an aim to provide campus open space design guidelines. The guidelines could be incorporated into landscape design, spatial design and green design practice. Landscape design is looking at creating natural environments and sensational connections for restoration; spatial design is looking at arranging easily accessed spaces to provide good sense of orientation and order for different activities; and green design is looking at building an eco-system inclusive of sustainability features as well as physical comfort. A comprehensive combination of these design strategies will realize the restorative effect of an open space and lead to a wide range of comfort for users – from physical enjoyment to emotional relief – that further promotes well-being in campus (Figure 20). Comparison of two campuses found that these design elements and guidelines are subject to the land use and urban context of a campus. For a compact campus, high-dense surroundings may limit the space for larger lawns and wider views that may handicap easy accessibility and circulation. On the other hand, small open spaces with sensational landscapes may be more intimate to users for the health effects. The campus should encompass open spaces in diverse scales to satisfy different purposes.
Acknowledgements
Introduction Historically, Doha, Qatar was a fishing and pearl diving hamlet. This city has acquired geostrategic importance since the discovery and production of liquefied natural gas in the mid-1990s, in addition to oil production. Today, this capital city is home to more than 90% of the country׳s 1.8 million people, with over 80% comprising professional expatriates from other countries. Doha is portrayed as an important emerging global capital in the Persian Gulf, characterized by fast-tracked urban development processes, the highest global connectivity in this region (Wiedmann et al., 2012), and the strong presence of global flows of capital, people, media, education, and oil and gas industries (Salama, 2011a) (Figure 1).