• Current studies have identified five

  2022-06-14

  

  Current studies have identified five orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be activated by free fatty acids (FFAs), GPR40, GPR41, GPR43, GPR84, and GPR120. Short-chain fatty acids (FAs) are specific agonists of GPR41 and GPR43 [21] and middle-chain FAs agonize GPR84 [22]. Long-chain FAs

• Glucose induced nuclear translocation of

  2022-06-14

  

  Glucose-induced nuclear translocation of several enzymes, including GK, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), muscle GS, aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) is a well-known phenomenon. Additional functions have been proposed for these enzymes in the nu

• Results of studies on fish FBPase are somewhat

  2022-06-14

  

  Results of studies on fish FBPase are somewhat confusing: although fishes skeletal muscles possess relatively high FBPase activity (Knox et al., 1980, Lushchak et al., 2001) and the isozyme present therein has kinetic properties typical to all vertebrates muscle FBPases (Rosenmann et al., 1977), inv

• On the other hand Li Zhang et al and

  2022-06-14

  

  On the other hand, Li+ (Zhang et al., 1996) and Ca2+ (Gizak et al., 2004) cations inhibit FBPases. However, in the case of Ca2+, the inhibition is attributed solely to the muscle isozyme which is over 100 times more susceptible to the cation action than the liver isoform (Gizak et al., 2004). At the

• FDP is considered as key intermediate in the isoprenoid bios

  2022-06-14

  

  FDP is considered as key intermediate in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway, since it is the common precursor of polyisoprene units and farnesylated proteins (Cao et al., 2012). In order to understand the role of FDP gene in rubber-producing plants it is of critical importance to Fmoc-Gln(Trt)-OH r

• Histamine functions as a key neurotransmitter in multiple ci

  2022-06-13

  

  Histamine functions as a key neurotransmitter in multiple circuits to control various behaviors. In Drosophila photoreceptor, histamine is produced de novo by histidine decarboxylase (Burg et al., 1993); meanwhile, maintaining normal histamine content also depends on the histamine recycling pathway

• Interestingly the virulence of HBV may adaptively evolve thu

  2022-06-13

  

  Interestingly, the virulence of HBV may adaptively evolve, thus affecting the macroscopic propagation of hepatitis B. Higher virulence in vivo may result in a higher transmission rate and mortality. By assuming that the transmission rate is a monotonically increasing function of virulence, , we pro

• At days and hours after MI

  2022-06-13

  

  At 21 days and 24 hours after MI, the protein expressions of active JNK1 (P Pancuronium dibromide of p38 was down-regulated only at 21 days after MI (P Discussion This study demonstrates the role of GSTP1 in HF by inhibiting the TRAF2-induced MAPK activation and the potent inhibitory effect of G

• Numerous stimuli lead to inactivation of

  2022-06-13

  

  Numerous stimuli lead to inactivation of GSK-3, including Growth Factors such as EGF (Epidermal Growth Factor), PDGF (Platelet-Derived Growth Factor), BDNF (Brain-derived neurotrophic factor), IGF (Insulin-like growth factor) and insulin (Beaulieu et al., 2009, Chen and Russo-Neustadt, 2005, Cohen a

• Two distinct mechanisms have been described for niacin

  2022-06-13

  

  Two distinct mechanisms have been described for niacin’s macrophage-based actions [21,22]. First, niacin blocks recruitment of macrophages to atherosclerotic lesions. Second, niacin upregulates macrophage ABCA1 and ABCG1, transporters involved in reverse cholesterol transport. Upregulation of choles

• Introduction Initially postulated to represent the main sour

  2022-06-10

  

  Introduction Initially postulated to represent the main source of ATP production in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria are recently recognized to perform manifold essential functions beyond energy production, impacting most areas of cell biology and medicine [1]. Mitochondrial metabolism is both the ba

• Mammals adapt to prolonged periods of food scarcity by relea

  2022-06-10

  

  Mammals adapt to prolonged periods of food scarcity by releasing FFAs from adipose tissue and transforming them into energy-rich ketone bodies that are used as fuel by brain, muscle, and other organs (Kersten, 2014, Grabacka et al., 2016). Ketogenesis occurs primarily in hepatocytes, but its rate is

• br Results br Discussion The

  2022-06-10

  

  Results Discussion The present findings outline a novel regulatory mechanism for fasting-induced ketogenesis, which involves histamine release from mast JNJ-10198409 synthesis into the hepatic portal system, H1 receptor-mediated stimulation of liver OEA biosynthesis, and recruitment of the nu

• It has been demonstrated that HO

  2022-06-10

  

  It has been demonstrated that HO-1 inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators including TNF-α and IL-6 in response to sepsis [35], and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 [36,37]. An inverse association between HO-1 and iNOS has previously been described: the NO levels decline with increases

• Concerning GST we could appreciate

  2022-06-10

  

  Concerning GST, we could appreciate that when snails were exposed to the chosen concentrations of chlorpyrifos, the activity was not modified. According to this result, Kristoff et al. (2008) and Domingues et al. (2007) showed no effects on GST in B. glabrata and L. variegatus exposed to azinphos-me

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